Whenever India enters trade negotiations with countries such as the United States or New Zealand , one sector repeatedly brings talks to a halt is - dairy. To an outside observer, India’s stance may appear rigid or culturally driven. But a closer examination reveals something far more structural. Dairy sits at the core of India’s rural economy, its food security framework and the livelihoods of millions. This is why, whether the pressure comes in the form of higher US tariffs or diplomatic unease in Wellington, New Delhi shows little appetite for compromise on dairy. Livelihood versus trade economics According to Food and Agriculture Organization data, around 70% of India’s milk production comes from small and marginal farmers and landless labourers who own, on average, just one or two milch animals. For them, milk is not an additional source of income but the foundation of daily survival. In contrast, in countries such as the US and New Zealand, dairy is a trade-driven...
- Tejaswita Upadhyay
- Updated on: Dec 25, 2025 | 02:35 PM