Why is West Bengal the new Nipah virus hotspot?
With recent alerts from West Bengal, many people are understandably concerned. Understanding how Nipah spreads and why certain regions become hotspots can help reduce fear and improve preparedness.
New Delhi: Nipah virus is one of the most serious emerging infectious diseases, known for its high fatality rate and rapid progression. With recent alerts from West Bengal, many people are understandably concerned. Understanding how Nipah spreads and why certain regions become hotspots can help reduce fear and improve preparedness.
Dr. Manisha Arora, Director of Internal Medicine at the CK Birla Hospital, Delhi, answered all Nipah virus-related FAQs.
Is the Nipah virus fatal?
Yes, Nipah virus infection can be fatal. Reported mortality rates range between 40% and 75%, depending on early diagnosis, access to intensive care, and outbreak preparedness. The virus primarily affects the brain and respiratory system. In severe cases, patients may develop acute encephalitis, respiratory distress, and multi-organ failure. This is why early detection and isolation play a critical role in improving outcomes.
How does Nipah spread?
Nipah virus spreads through multiple routes:
1. Animal-to-human transmission
• Contact with fruit bats or their secretions
• Consumption of contaminated fruits or raw date palm sap
2. Human-to-human transmission
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Exposure to respiratory droplets or bodily fluids
• Hospital-based transmission without proper precautions
The virus does not spread through casual contact or airborne transmission like COVID, but close and prolonged exposure increases risk.
Why is West Bengal emerging as a risk zone?
West Bengal’s risk is influenced by several factors:
• Presence of fruit bat populations
• Dense urban and rural population mix
• Proximity and travel links with Bangladesh, which has seen repeated Nipah outbreaks
• Environmental changes and deforestation leading to increased human–animal interaction
Because of these overlapping risk factors, even one suspected case prompts immediate surveillance and containment measures.
What are the early warning signs?
Nipah often starts with flu-like symptoms, which can delay suspicion. Warning signs include:
• Sudden high fever
• Severe headache
• Vomiting
• Drowsiness or confusion
• Sudden behavioral changes
• Seizures
Anyone with these symptoms, especially with a history of travel or exposure, should seek immediate medical attention.
How are hospitals responding?
Hospitals follow strict step-by-step protocols for suspected cases, including:
• Immediate isolation
• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Restricted visitor access
• Sample testing at designated laboratories
• Contact tracing and monitoring
These measures are essential to prevent further spread.
Should the public panic?
No. Panic can do more harm than good. Nipah outbreaks are usually localized and controlled through strong public health systems. Awareness, hygiene, and timely reporting remain the most effective preventive tools. While Nipah is serious, early identification, surveillance, and responsible public behavior significantly reduce the risk of widespread transmission.